Class 10 Mathematics Statistics Notes %

Students can refer to Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Mathematics Statistics below designed as per the latest syllabus and examination patter for CBSE Class 10 Mathematics

Statistics

Mean Of Grouped Data Using The Direct Method
A cricket player played 7 matches and scored 88, 72, 90, 94, 56, 62, and 76 runs. What is the average score or mean score of the player in these 7 matches?
We know that,
“The mean is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations”.
We can use the following formula to find the mean of the given data.

Using this formula, the mean of scores obtained by the player

Thus, the average score of the player is 76.86. There are many situations where the number of observations is very large and then it is not possible to use this formula to find the mean
of the given data.
Let us consider such a situation.
We have the marks distribution of 100 students of a class in a Mathematics test. The distribution is given in the form of groups like 0 − 10, 10 − 20 …. To find the mean in such situations, we follow another method.

Example 1: The following table shows the various income brackets of the employees of a company.

Find the average monthly income of each employee.

Solution:
Firstly, we will calculate the class marks of each class interval and then the product of the class marks with the corresponding frequencies. By doing so, we obtain the following table.

The mean can now be easily calculated using the formula.

Hence, the average income of the employees is Rs 23100.

Example 2: The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all the frequencies is 50. Find the value of f₁ and f₂.

Solution:
Firstly, let us find the class marks of each class interval and then the product of class marks with the corresponding frequencies for each class interval as shown in the following table.

On putting the value of f2 in equation (1), we obtain
f₁ = 20 − f₂ = 20 − 12 = 8
Thus, the values of f1 and f2 are 8 and 12 respectively.

Mean Of Grouped Data Using Assumed Mean Method
We know that direct method can be used to find the mean of any data given in grouped form, but the calculation in direct method becomes very tough when the data is given in the form of large numbers, because finding the product of xi and fi becomes difficult and time consuming.
Therefore, we introduce assumed mean method to find the mean of grouped data. This method is also known as shift of origin method. This is an easier method to find the mean as it involves less calculation.

Example 1: The following table shows the life time (in hours) of 20 bulbs manufactured by a reputed company.

Find the average life time of a bulb in hours.
Solution:
Firstly, we calculate the class mark of each class-interval and assume one of them as the assumed mean. Here, we take a = 3500. The calculations of the deviations and the product of the deviations with the corresponding frequencies have been represented in the following table.

= 3500 + 350
= 3850
Thus, the average lifetime of a bulb is 3850 h.

Example 2:
The following table shows the percentage of girls in the top 33 schools of Delhi.

Find the mean percentage of girls by using the assumed mean method.
Solution:
Firstly, we calculate the class mark of each class-interval and assume one of them as the assumed mean. Here, we take a = 50. The calculations of the deviations and the product of
the deviations with the corresponding frequencies have been represented in the following table.

Thus, the mean of the given data is 42.12 i.e., the mean percentage of girls in the 33 schools of Delhi is 42.12.

Mean Of Grouped Data Using Step Deviation Method
In the assumed mean method, we assume the mean as a from the class-marks and we use the following formula to find the actual mean.

Where, di is the deviation of a from xi.
When the data is given in the form of large numbers, then sometimes it is difficult and even lengthy to find the mean by using the assumed mean method. In such cases, we follow
another method called step deviation method or shift of origin and scale method. Using this method, we can further reduce the calculation.

Example 1: Calculate the mean of the following data using step deviation method.

Solution:
Let us assume a = 50
Let us calculate the deviations of class marks from the assumed mean a. The calculations are shown in the following table.

Mode Of Grouped Data
Consider the following frequency table.

From the table, we can easily observe that the observation 5 has maximum frequency which is 41.
Thus, the mode of the given data is 5.
Thus, the mode can be defined as

“The observation which occurs the maximum number of times is called mode”.
Or “the observation with maximum frequency is called mode”.

When the data is given in grouped form, we cannot find the mode by looking at the frequencies. Let us consider the following example.

From the above table, we can observe that the maximum frequency is 25 and corresponds to the class interval of 60 − 70. However, we are not sure that exactly which value in the class interval 60 − 70 is the mode because we do not know the actual age of these 25 people.
In such situations, we use a formula to find the mode. Therefore, first of all, let us look at the formula to be used in such cases.
The formula used to find the mode when the data is given in groups is as follows.

Where, l = lower limit of the modal class
h = size of class interval (all class sizes should be equal)
f₁ = frequency of the modal class
f₀ = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f₂ = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
Before discussing the previous example, let us first know what a modal class is.

“A class corresponding to maximum frequency is known as modal class and the mode of the data lies inside the modal class”.

Let us discuss the previous example to understand the method of finding the mode, when the data is given in a grouped form.
Now, consider the previous example again.

Here, the maximum frequency is 25, and this corresponds to the group 60 − 70. Therefore, the modal class is 60 − 70.
We can calculate the mode by using the following formula.

From the above table,
l = 60
f₁ = 25
f₀ = 19
f₂ = 22
h = 70 − 60 = 10
Using the formula,

= 60 + 6.67
= 66.67
Therefore, the mode of the given data is 66.67.
Here, we can observe that the mode lies inside the modal class 60 − 70.
Let us solve more problems using this formula.

Example 1: The following table shows the class intervals and the frequency corresponding to them.

Find the mode of the given data.
Solution:
In the given table, the maximum frequency is 24 corresponding to the class interval 40 − 60. Therefore, the modal class is 40 − 60.
From the table,
l = 40
h = 20
f₀ = 15
f₂ = 16
f₁ = 24

= 40 + 10.59
= 50.59
Thus, the mode of the given data is 50.59.

Example 2: Data collected about the weights of 70 students of a class is given in the following table.

Find the modal weight of the class.
Solution:
It can be seen that the class intervals are of inclusive type, so we need to make them of exclusive type to calculate the mode.
The modified table will be as follows:

Here, the maximum frequency is 23 which corresponds to the class interval 49.5 − 54.5.
Therefore, the modal class is 49.5 − 54.5.
From the table, we have
l = 49.5
h = 5
f₀ = 11
f₂ = 17
f₁ = 23

= 49.5 + 3.33
= 52.83
Thus, the modal weight of the class is 52.83 kg.

Example 3: If the modal class is 45 − 60 and mode of the distribution is 58, then find the missing frequency in the following table.

Solution:
The mode of the distribution is given as 58, which lies in the class interval 45 − 60.
Hence, 45 − 60 is the modal class.
Let the frequency of modal class 45 − 60 be f.
From the table,
l = 45
h = 15
f₀ = 10
f₂ = 21
f₁ = f

Thus, the missing frequency is 23.

Median of Grouped Data Using Cumulative Frequency Table
Let us consider a group of numbers such as 17, 12, 15, 20, and 14. We can easily find the median of the given numbers. To find the median, first of all, we arrange the terms in increasing order. Then, we will have the sequence as 12, 14, 15, 17, and 20.

Here, we have 5 observations and the middle term is the 3rd term i.e., 15.

We know that median is the middle most observation of the data. Therefore, we can say 15 is the median of the given group of numbers.
However, we face problems when the data is given in grouped form. In such cases, we cannot use the above method to find the median. The method to find the median in such cases is different from the above. Let us discuss the method by taking an example.
The following table shows the wages of 60 workers of a company. Let us find the median of wages of workers using this information.

Sometimes, the data is given as ‘less than type’ or ‘more than type’. In these cases, firstly we have to make cumulative frequency distribution table and then we can find the median
using the same formula as in the previous example.
Let us discuss each of them briefly.

1. Less than Type
Let us consider the following table which contains the marks obtained out of 100 marks in an exam by the students of Grade 10 of a school.

To find the median of such data, first of all, we need to write the table in the form of class intervals and find the frequency of each class interval. The frequencies given for less than type table are cumulative frequencies. Now, the number of students obtaining marks in the class interval 0 − 10 is same as the number of students obtaining marks less than 10.
Therefore, the frequency of class interval 0 − 10 is 2. Now, the students obtaining marks less than 20 include the students of class interval 0 − 10 and 10 − 20. Therefore, frequency of class interval 10 − 20 = 6 − 2 = 4

Similarly, frequency of class interval 20 − 30 = 9 − 6 = 3
In this way, we can find the frequency of a class interval by taking the difference between the numbers of students of a group and its preceding group which is shown by the following table.

2. More than Type
Let us consider the following table as the performance (in %) of taking calls by the customer care executives in a call centre.

To find the median of such data, first of all, we are required to write the table in the form of class intervals and find the frequency of each class interval. By looking at the given table,
we write the class intervals of this data as 0 − 20, 20 − 40, 40 − 60, 60 − 80, and 80 − 100.
Now, the class more than 80 contains the customer care executives (C.C.E.) of class interval 80 − 100. Therefore, frequency of class interval 80 − 100 is 209. The class more than 60 contains the C.C.E. of class intervals 60 − 80 and 80 − 100. Therefore, frequency of class interval 60 − 80 = 585 − 209 = 376

Similarly, frequency of class interval 40 − 60 = 964 − 585 = 379
In this way, we can find the frequency of a class interval by taking the difference between the number of C.C.E .of a class and its following class as shown below.

Since we have obtained the frequency distribution table, we can easily convert it into a cumulative frequency distribution table and follow the same method as we have studied in the beginning. By doing so, we will easily find out the median of the given data.
Remember
When a question is of more than or less than type, the cumulative frequency is always given.
When the question is of more than type, the cumulative frequency is always in decreasing order.
When the question is of less than type, the cumulative frequency is always in increasing order.

Let us solve some examples based on finding the median of less than type and more than type observations.

Example 1: The following table shows the literacy rate (in %) of 20 cities. Find the median literacy rate.

Solution:
The given table is of less than type. Therefore, the number of cities given in the table represents the cumulative frequencies. The frequencies and the class intervals are shown in the following table.

Here, number of observations, n = 20
∴ n/2=10
The= cumulative frequency greater than and nearest to 10 is 14.
∴ 40 − 50 is the median class.
l (lower limit of median class) = 40
h (class size) = 10
n (number of observations) = 20
cf = (cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class) = 6
f (frequency of median class) = 8
Using the formula,

Therefore, 45% is the median literacy rate of 20 cities.

Example 2: If the median of the following distribution is 28.5, then find the value of x and y.

Solution:
First of all, we have to construct a cumulative frequency table.

It is given that n = 60
45 + x + y = 60
y = 15 − x … (1)
But, median = 28.5
i.e., median lies between the class interval 20 − 30.
Hence, median class = 20 − 30
Therefore, we have
l = 20, f = 20, cf = 5 + x, h = 10, and n/2=30
It is given that the median is 28.5.

x = 65 − 57 = 8
Putting this value in equation (1), we obtain
y = 15 − x
y = 15 − 8 = 7
Hence, x = 8 and y = 7

Example 3: The following table shows the heights of buildings of a city. Find the median height.

Solution:
The given table is of more than type. Therefore, the number of buildings given in the table represents the cumulative frequencies. The frequencies and the class intervals have been shown in the following table.

Here, n = 28
∴ n/2=14
The cumulative frequency which is greater than and nearest to 14 is 16.
∴ 200 − 300 is median class.

We also have,
l (lower limit of median class) = 200
h (class size) = 100
n (number of observations) = 28
cf = (cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class) = 8
f (frequency of median class) = 8
Using the formula, we have

= 200 + 75
= 275
Hence,275 feet height is the median height.

Example 4: Lowest temperature of the day of a metro city was recorded for 30 consecutive days and the results are shown below:

Find the median lowest temperature.
Solution:
It can be observed that the class intervals in the given table are of inclusive type, so we need to convert them to exclusive type so that we can get continuous class intervals. Here, the difference between upper limit of a class and lower limit of next class is 0.1. On dividing this difference by 2, we get 0.05 which can be added to every upper limit and subtracted from every lower limit to get new limits. These limits are known as class boundaries. Using these class boundaries, we can prepare cumulative frequency distribution table and thus,
we can get continuous frequency distribution.

The new table can be prepared as follows:

Here, n = 30
∴ n/2=15
The cumulative frequency which is greater than and nearest to 15 is 20.
∴ 3.05 − 4.05 is median class.
We also have,
l (lower limit of median class) = 3.05
h (class size) = 1
n (number of observations) = 30
cf = (cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class) = 5
f (frequency of median class) = 15
Using the formula, we have

Hence, 3.72 °C is the median lowest temperature.

Median Of A Grouped Data By Constructing Ogive
A pictorial representation always gives a better understanding than a written statement. A graphical representation helps us in understanding of a given data in an easier and detailed manner. In order to understand the median of a grouped data properly, we have to draw an ogive.

Firstly, let us discuss what is an ogive?
“When the data is given as ‘less than’ or ‘more than’ type and a graph is plotted between either of the limits and the cumulative frequency, the smooth curve so obtained is known as ogive or cumulative frequency curve”.
Let us discuss with an example that how an ogive is helpful to find out the median of a grouped data.
Let us consider that 80 students of a class appeared in a Geography test. The marks obtained (out of 100) by them are given in the following frequency distribution table.
Table – 1

We can write the above table in following two ways.
1. Less than type
2. More than type

1. For less than type
We can write the given table in less than type as follows.

Construction of Ogive of less than type
The smooth curve drawn between the upper limits of class intervals and cumulative frequency is called cumulative frequency curve or ogive (of less than type). The upper
limits of the intervals and cumulative frequency are shown in the above table.
The method of drawing an ogive of less than type is as follows.
(1) Firstly we draw two perpendicular lines, one is horizontal (x-axis) and the other is vertical (y-axis), on a graph.
(2) Now, we mark the upper limits on the horizontal line and the cumulative frequencies on the vertical line by taking suitable scale.
(3) After this, we plot the points (10, 2), (20, 3), (30, 6), (40, 11), (50, 20), (60, 35), (70, 57),
(80, 69), (90, 76), (100, 80). These are the points corresponding to the upper limit and the cumulative frequency.
(4) Now, we join these points to obtain a smooth curve.
After following these steps, we obtain the following graph.

The smooth curve obtained in this figure is the ogive of less than type of the given data.

To find the median with the help of ogive
An important application of ogive in statistics is to find the median.
Let us see the method of finding the median through the same example.
In the previous example, number of observations, n = 80

∴ n/2=40

Mark the point 40 on the vertical line and then draw a horizontal line through this point.
Let this horizontal line intersect the ogive at point A. Now, draw a vertical line through A.
Median is the point at which this vertical line intersects the horizontal line.

In this example, the median is 62 (approximately).

2. For more than type
We can write the given table for more than type as follows.

Construction of Ogive of more than type
The smooth curve drawn between the lower limits of class intervals and cumulative
frequencies is called cumulative frequency curve or ogive (for more than type).
The method of construction of more than type ogive is same as the construction of less than type. For more than type ogive, we take the lower limits on x-axis and the cumulative
frequencies on the y-axis. In the above table, the lower limits and the cumulative
frequencies have been represented.
The ogive of more than type is obtained by plotting the points (0, 80), (10, 78), (20, 77),
(30, 74), (40, 69), (50, 60), (60, 45), (70, 23), (80, 11), (90, 4).
The ogive of more than type of the previous table has been shown below.

To find the median with the help of ogive
Number of observations, n = 80
∴ n/2 =40
Mark the point 40 on the vertical line and then draw a horizontal line from this point. Let this line intersect the ogive at point A. Now, draw a vertical line through A. Median is the point at which this vertical line intersects the horizontal line.

Hence, the median is 62(approximately).

Relation between the ogive of less than type and more than type
Let us draw the graph of both less than type and more than type on the same graph paper.

We observe from the above graph that,
“If we construct a line parallel to y-axis through the point of intersection of both the ogives i.e., of less than type and more than type, then the point at which this line intersects x-axis represents the median of the given data”.

Let us solve some more examples to understand the concept better.

Example 1: The following distribution table gives the daily wages of 50 workers in a factory.

Convert it into a less than type distribution and draw its ogive.
Solution:
We can write the given distribution table as a less than type distribution as follows.

To obtain the ogive, we have to plot the points (100, 5), (150, 30), (200, 40), (250, 47),(300, 50) on a graph paper taking the upper limits on x-axis and the cumulative frequencies
on y-axis.
The ogive obtained has been represented in the following figure.

Here, n = 50
∴ n/2=25

First, we mark the point 25 on the vertical line and then draw a horizontal line through this point. Let this horizontal line intersect the ogive at point A. Now, draw a vertical line through point A. Median is the point where this vertical line intersects the x-axis. In this case, the value comes out to be 140. Hence, 140 is the median of the given distribution table

Example 2: The following table shows the total monthly household expenditure of 100 families in a city.

Convert it into a more than type of distribution and draw its ogive.
Solution:
We can write the given table in more than type as follows.

Now, we plot the points (0, 100), (1000, 78), (2000, 48), (3000, 24), (4000, 10) on a graph paper to obtain the ogive of more than type distribution.

Example 3: The following table shows the rainfall (in mm) in 60 cities on a particular day.

Draw both the ogives for this data on the same graph paper and find the median.
Solution:
In the given table, the class intervals are of inclusive type, so we need to make them of exclusive type first. Now, a common table can be prepared for less than type and more than type cumulative frequencies to draw both the ogives on the same graph paper.
The table is given below.

Now, we plot the points (29.5, 16), (34.5, 28), (39.5, 38), (44.5, 52), (49.5, 60) on a graph paper to obtain the ogive of less than type distribution.
Also, we plot the points (24.5, 60), (29.5, 44), (34.5, 32), (39.5, 22), (44.5, 8) on the same graph paper to obtain the ogive of more than type distribution.
The graph is shown below:

Point M represents the median which is approximately 36.

Relation Between Mean, Median, And Mode
We have studied three measures of central tendency – mean, median, and mode. But do you know that there is an empirical relationship between these three measures.
The relation between them is given by

We can use this relationship to find the value of any of them, when the other two are known. It can also be used to check if the values of the three central tendencies obtained are correct or not as they will satisfy this relation. However, this relation is not always true.

First of all, let us verify it by taking an example.

Example: The following data shows the numbers of days for which the patients were hospitalized.

Justify the relationship between mean, median, and mode of the given data.
Solution:
To verify the relation between mean, median, and mode, we have to find out their values from the given data and then substitute them to see the authenticity of the relationship.
Firstly, let us find the mean of the given data.

Mean
To find out the mean, we construct the following table.

= 860/30=86/3
Now, let us find the mode of the given set of data.

Mode
In the given table, 20 − 30 is the modal class as this group has the maximum frequency.
From the table,
l = 20 (Lower limit of the modal class)
h = 10 (Class size)
f₁ = 9 (Frequency of the modal class)
f₀ = 6 (Frequency of the class preceding the modal class)
f₂ = 7 (Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class)

Median
To find out the median, we construct the following table.

Here, n = 30
∴
The cumulative frequency greater than 15 is 17.
Hence, the median class is 20 − 30.
From the table,
l = 20 (Lower limit of median class)
cf = 8 (Cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class)
f = 9 (Frequency of median class)
h = 10 (Class size of the groups)

= 250/3
But, 3 Median = 3 × 250/9=250/3 = Mode + 2 Mean

Hence it is verified that,
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
Let us go through few more examples to learn the application of the concept.

Example 1: For a certain frequency distribution, mean and median are obtained as 123.5 and 127 respectively. What is the value of mode?
Solution:
We have the relation
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
⇒ 3(127) = Mode + 2(123.5)
⇒ 381 = Mode + 247
⇒ Mode = 381 – 247
⇒ Mode = 134

Example 2: For a certain frequency distribution, median and mode are obtained as 55 and 70 respectively. What is the value of mean?
Solution:
We have the relation
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
⇒ 3(55) = 70 + 2 Mean
⇒ 165 = 70 + 2 Mean
⇒ 2 Mean = 165 – 70
⇒ 2 Mean = 95
⇒ Mean = 47.5

Example 3: For a certain frequency distribution, mean is 6 more than mode. Find the relation between median and mode.
Solution:
It is given that
Mean – Mode = 6 …(1)
We have the relation
Mean – Mode = 3(Mean – Median)
⇒ 6 = 3(Mean – Median)
⇒ Mean – Median = 2 …(2)
On subtracting (2) from (1), we get
Mean – Mode – (Mean – Median) = 6 – 2
⇒ Mean – Mode – Mean + Median = 4
⇒ Median – Mode = 4
Thus, median is 4 more than mode.