Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

Notes for Class 10

Students should refer to the below Control and Coordination Class 10 notes prepared as per the latest curriculum issued by CBSE and NCERT. These notes and questions are really useful as they have been developed based on the most scoring topics and expected questions in upcoming examinations for Class 10. Control and Coordination is an important topic in Science Class 10 which if understood properly can help students to get very good marks in class tests and exams.

Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes and Questions PDF Download

Read the notes below which will help you to understand all important and difficult topics in this chapter. There are some topics in Control and Coordination chapter which you should understand carefully as many questions can come from those parts. Our team of teachers have designed the revision notes so that its helpful for students to revise entire course prior to the class tests.

Living organisms respond to various stimuli like heat, light, cold, touch, pressure etc.
Example: Withdrawal of hand on touching a hot object.

Control and Coordination in Animals
It is brought about in all animals with the help of two main systems
(a) Nervous System
(b) Endocrine System

Nervous System: Consists of Brain, Spinal network and a huge network of nerves.

Functions
(i) To receive the information from environment
(ii) To receive the information from various body parts. (Stimuli Response)
(iii) To act accordingly through muscles and glands.

Stimulus: Any change in environment to which the organisms respond is called stimulus. E.g., touching a hot plate.

Response: The reaction of our body to a stimulus. E.g., withdrawal of our hand on touching hot plate.

Coordination- The working together of various organs of the body of an organism in a proper manner to produce appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called coordination.

Receptors: These are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect the information from the environment.

Receptors are sense Organs

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

Neuron: It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system. Neurons (also known as nerve cells and nerve fibers) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain,
spinal cord and peripheral nerves. The primary components of the neuron are the soma (cell body), the axon (a long slender projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body), dendrites (tree-like structures that receive messages from other neurons), and synapses (specialized junctions between neurons).

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

The axon (nerve fibre) transmits electrical signals from the cell body. The dendrites are branching fibres that receive electrical signals from other neurons. The shape of a neuron is determined by the job it does.

Synapse: The point of contact between the terminal branches of axon of one neuron with the dendrite of another neuron is called synapse.

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

REFLEX ACTION
Reflex action is an automatic response of the body to a stimulus. e.g., withdrawal of hand, knee jerk etc. on touching a hot plate.

Reflex arc: The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called reflex arc.

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

Voluntary means it is under the control of a person (e.g., writing)8

Involuntary means it is not under the control of a person. (e.g., heartbeat)

Mechanism of Reflex action: A reflex mechanism involves a receptor organ, an effector organ, and some type of communication network. When a sensory receptor is stimulated, signals pass from it along a sensory neuron to the spinal cord. The message travels out of the spinal cord along a motor neuron to the effector organ (e.g., a muscle or a gland), which shows the response. Such a pathway is called a reflex arc. Additional nerve cells capable of communicating with other parts of the body (Beyond the receptor and effector) are present in reflex circuits.

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is the major division, and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord, while the cranial cavity contains the brain.

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination
Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

Human Brain: It is enclosed in cranium (brain box) and is protected by cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a shock absorber. It is the command center for the human nervous system. It receives input from the sensory organs and sends output to the muscles. It has several layers called MENINGES.

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

Human brain has three majors parts or regions::
(a) Fore-brain (b) Mid Brain (c) Hind Brain.
(a) Fore-brain (CEREBRUM) : Most complex/specialized part of the brain is Cerebrum or the forebrain.

Functions: 1. Thinking part of the brain
2. Control the voluntary actions.
3. Store information (Memory)
4. Centre associated with HUNGER
5. Receives sensory impulses from various body parts and integrates it.

(b) Mid Brain : It connects the fore-brain with the hind-brain. It is the portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

(c) Hind-Brain- It has three main parts
Cerebellum-Controls and coordinates muscular movements, maintaining body posture and equilibrium Pons-Is the respiratory centre, controls respiration. Also controls sleep cycles
Medulla Oblongata-Controls involuntary actions like Blood pressure, breathing, heartbeat, vomiting etc

Spinal Cord: Spinal Cord is enclosed in Vertebral column.

COORDINATION IN PLANTS:

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

HORMONES are chemical compounds which help to coordinate growth, development and
responses to the environment.

Plant Hormones: Main plant hormones are:
(a) Auxin: Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tip that promotes cell elongation.
(b) Gibberellin: Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate growth and influence various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, flowering, enzyme induction, and leaf and fruit senescence(falling).
(c) Cytokinins: CytokininsS (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence.
(d) Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth, cause wilting of leaves. (Stress hormone). It promotes the closing of stomata (during adverted rough condition) there by reducing the water loss.

HORMONES IN ANIMALS
Hormones: Hormones are the chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and transmitted by the blood to the tissues on which it has a specific effect.

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination
Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

Iodized Salt is Necessary because thyroid gland needs iodine to make thyroxine which helps in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Deficiency of iodine cause a disease called goiter.

Diabetes- It is due to deficiency of Insulin hormone secreted by Pancreas that is responsible to lower/control the blood sugar levels.

Treatment: Common diabetes can be controlled by medicine but in severe cases. Injections of insulin hormone are given to the patients.

Feedback Mechanism
The excess or deficiency of hormones has a harmful effect on our body. Feedback mechanism makes sure that hormones are secreted in precise quantities and at right time.

Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Science Control and Coordination

So we have learnt that Control and coordination are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in our bodies. The responses of the nervous system can be classified as reflex action, voluntary action or involuntary action. The nervous system uses electrical impulses to transmit messages. The nervous system gets information from our sense organs and acts through our muscles. Chemical coordination is seen in both plants and animals. Hormones produced in one part of an organism move to another part to achieve the desired effect. A feedback mechanism regulates the action of the hormones.