Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries

Chapter Notes Notes for Class 10

Students can refer to Notes And Questions For NCERT Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries below designed as per the latest syllabus and examination patter for CBSE Class 10 Social Science

Facts that Matter

1. Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps in transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus help earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. For instance, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, and aluminum from bauxite.

2. Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries in it.

3. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

4. Industrial development helps in reducing unemployment and poverty from our country. It also reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

5. The location of industries are influenced by several factors such as availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. It is difficult to find all these factors available at one place. Hence, manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost.

6. Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Once industrial activities start, urbanisation also begins. Cities provide markets and services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry.

Classification of Industries

7. On the basis of source of raw materials used—Agro-based industries and mineralbased industries.

8. According to their main role—Basic or key industries and consumer industries.

9. On the basis of capital investment—Small-scale industries and large-scale industries.

10. On the basis of ownership—Public sector industries, private sector industries, joint sector industries and cooperative sector industries.

11. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods—heavy industries and light industries.

Agro-based Industries

12. Textile Industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy.

13. Earlier cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century, powerlooms came into existence. In the 19th century textile mills were established. The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.

14. Cotton textile industries in India are largely concentrated in and around Mumbai, Maharashtra and Gujarat.

15. While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.

16. India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.

17. Today, there are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country. About 80 per cent of these are in the private sector and the rest in the public and cooperative sectors.

18. Cotton textile industry is facing several problems today due to irregular supply of electricity, old and outdated machinery, low output of labours and stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.

19. The first Jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra. Today India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. After partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (previous East Pakistan). The jute industry supports 2.61 lakh workers directly and another 40 lakhs small and marginal farmers indirectly.

20. Jute industry faces tough competition due to presence of synthetic substitutes in the international market and also from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.

21. India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world and the first largest producer of gur and khandsari. There are over 460 sugar mills in the country spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

22. So far, north India is regarded as the main centre of sugar industry and half of the sugar mills of India are in Uttar Pradesh only. But in recent years, the mills have shifted to the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra.

Mineral-based Industries

23. The iron and steel Industry is the base of all industries as it provides all types of machinery to run other industries.

24. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods. Production and consumption of steel is considered as the index of a country’s development.

25. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky requiring heavy transportation costs. Three integrated steel plants were set up at Bhilai, Durgapur and Rourkela. Later two more steel plants, at Bokaro and Vishakhapatnam, were set up. Presently, there are 10 primary integrated and many mini steel plants in India.
— An integrated steel plant is large, handles everything in one complex from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.

26. All public sector undertakings market their steel through Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) while TISCO markets its produce through Tata Steel. China is the largest producer of steel. It is also the world’s largest consumer of steel. In 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.

27. Aluminium Smelting. Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. It is light, rust resistant, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. Bauxite is the raw material used in the smelters in a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It acts as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. There are 8 aluminum smelting plants in the country located in Orissa (Nalco and Balco), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh.

28. Nitrogenous Fertiliser Industry. India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers. There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilisers. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, U.P., Punjab and Kerala are the main states.

29. Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

30. Cement Industry. Cement is used for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. After independence the industry expanded.

31. Chemical Industries. The chemical industry in India is growing fast and contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP. It is the third largest industry in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in term of its size. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Both inorganic and organic sectors have grown rapidly. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dye-stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.

32. Automobile Industry—Automobiles provide vehicles for quick transport of good services and passengers. This industry had developed rapidly in last 15 years. Today there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and three-wheelers. The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

33. Information Technology and Electronics Industry. The electronics industry includes a large range of products like transistor, television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers etc. Bangalore is considered as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. The IT industry has employed a large number of population thus reducing the problem of unemployment.

34. Undoubtedly, the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment. Rapid industrialisation for rapid economic development has raised various serious problems.

35. Hence, we should adopt ways to control environmental degradation. Water should be reused and recycled to minimise the use of water. It would be better if the factories make an arrangement for using their waste-water over and over again after scientifically treating it. Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Rainwater should be used to meet water requirements and harvesting of rain water should also be done.
— Earplugs and earphones can be used to save oneself from the side effects of noise pollution. Generators should be fitted with silencers.
— Oil or gas should be used in factories in place of coal in order to reduce smoke.

36. NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001.

Flow-Learning

NCERT Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries Notes

Words that Matter

1. Manufacturing: Producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products.
2. Agro-based industries: Industries that depend on agricultural products such as cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
3. Mineral-based industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials such as iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
4. Smelting: A process by which the mineral is melted to remove impurities.
5. Light industries: Industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.
6. Basic or key industries: Industries that supply their products or raw materials to other industries to manufacture goods. e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
7. Consumer industries produce goods for direct use by consumers—sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
8. Small scale industries: Industries in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.
9. Large scale industries: Industries that make investment above one crore rupees.
10. Public sector industries: Owned and operated by government agencies—BHEL, SAIL etc.
11. Private sector industries: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
12. Joint sector industries: Jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sectors.
13. Cooperative sector industries: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

Question 1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium
(b) Cement
(c) Sugar
(d) Jute

Answer

B

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL
(b) SAIL
(c) TATA Steel
(d) MNCC

Answer

B

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium
(b) Cement
(c) Jute
(d) Steel

Answer

A

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer,etc?
(a) Steel
(b) Aluminium
(c) Electronic
(d) Information Technology

Answer

C

Question 2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(i) What is manufacturing?
(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.
(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.
Ans. (i) Manufacturing refers to producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. It helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus help earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials.
(ii) Three physical factors for the location of the industry are
(a) Availability of raw material
(b) Availability of cheap and sufficient power supply
(c) Availability of market.
(iii) Three human factors for the location of an industry
(a) Availability of cheap labour
(b) Easy access to capital
(c) Availability of services such as banking, insurance, transport, consultants and financial advice, etc.
(iv) Basic or key industries are industries that supply their products or raw materials to other industries to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
(v) Cement is used for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. These industries use bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Question 3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.
(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.
Ans. Differences between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants:

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world still it is unable to perform to its full potential mainly due to the following problems:
(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal
(b) Lower productivity of labour
(c) Irregular supply of energy
(d) Poor infrastructure
Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
(ii) Undoubtedly the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment. Industries are responsible for five types of pollution:
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Thermal
(d) Land (e) Noise
(a) Air pollution: It is caused by presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and smoke. Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles such as dust, sprays, mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, etc.
(b) Water pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers. The main industries that are responsible for it include paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
(c) Thermal pollution of water: It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
(d) Land pollution: Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage makes the land unfertile. Rain water takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water.
(e) Noise pollution: Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, electric drills etc cause a lot of noise pollution. Noise pollution causes irritation and anger. It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart-beat and blood pressure.
Environmental Degradation can be controlled by adopting these steps:
(a) Water should be reused and recycled to minimise the use of water.
(b) Rainwater should be harvested to meet water requirements.
(c) Use of oil or gas should be made instead of coal in factories to reduce smoke.
(d) Generators should be fitted with silencers to reduce noise pollution.
(e) Earplugs and earphones can also be used to save oneself from the side effects of noise pollution.
(f ) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(g) Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.

Activity

Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i) Used to drive machinery (5)
(ii) People who work in a factory (6)
(iii) Where the product is sold (6)
(iv) A person who sells goods (8)
(v) Thing produced (7)
(vi) To make or produce (11)
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9)
Ans. (i) POWER
(ii) WORKER
(iii) MARKET
(iv) RETAILER
(v) PRODUCT
(vi) MANUFACTURE
(vii) POLLUTION

Project Work

• Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area.
(i)
What are the raw materials they use?
(ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost?
(iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?
Ans. Do yourself.

• Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers:

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called.
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
3. This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.
Ans. 1. AGROBASED               2. SUGARCANE               3. JUTE
        4. IRON STEEL                5. BHILAI                       6. VARANASI

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct option:

1. On the basis of ownership industries are categorised as ……… .
(a) Large-scale and Small-scale industries
(b) Public sector, Private sector, Joint and Cooperative sectors
(c) Basic/key and Consumer industries
(d) Agro-based and Mineral-based industries

Answer

B

2. Which one is not an integrated steel plant?
(a) Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) in West Bengal
(b) Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh
(c) Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) in Orissa
(d) Tata Iron and Steel Corporation Ltd (TISCO)

Answer

D

3. When was the first jute mill set up near Kolkata at Rishra?
(a) 1859
(b) 1899
(c) 1870
(d) 1856

Answer

A

4. The raw materials like iron ore, cooking coal, limestone, dolomite, manganese and fire clay are needed in which industry?
(a) Petrochemical industry
(b) Sugar industry
(c) Iron and steel industry
(d) Chemical industry

Answer

C

5. The Rourkela Steel plant was set up in collaboration with which country?
(a) Russia
(b) Germany
(c) United Kingdom
(d) China

Answer

B

6. Which state is a leading sugar producer in the country?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Punjab
(c) Haryana
(d) Uttar Pradesh

Answer

D

7. When was the new Industrial Policy of India announced?
(a) 1992
(b) 1991
(c) 1993
(d) 1990

Answer

B

8. Which of the following is a basic or key industry?
(a) Iron and steel industry
(b) Automobile industry
(c) Cement industry
(d) Fertiliser industry

Answer

D

9. Where was the first cotton textile mill established?
(a) Ahmedabad
(b) Surat
(c) Bokaro
(d) Mumbai

Answer

C

10. The largest producer of raw jute and jute goods is ……… .
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) India
(d) Myanmar

Answer

C

11. Which one of the following does not come under the category of consumer industry?
(a) Sugar
(b) Paper
(c) Fans
(d) Jute

Answer

D

12. Which one of the following is a private sector industry?
(a) BHEL
(b) SAIL
(c) TISCO
(d) OIL

Answer

C

13. Which one of the following is a joint sector industry?
(a) TISCO
(b) OIL
(c) BHEL
(d) Bajaj Auto Ltd.

Answer

B

14. Where was the first jute mill set up?
(a) Mumbai
(b) Surat
(c) Kanpur
(d) Kolkata

Answer

D

15. The largest producer of steel is ……… .
(a) India
(b) France
(c) Japan
(d) China

Answer

D

16. Nalco and Balco are associated with which of the following?
(a) Aluminium industry
(b) Cement industry
(c) Fertiliser industry
(d) None of the above

Answer

A

17. The first cement plant was in ……… .
(a) Chennai
(b) Madurai
(c) Ahmedabad
(d) Mumbai

Answer

A

18. ……… has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
(a) Delhi
(b) Mumbai
(c) Hyderabad
(d) Bangalore

Answer

D

II. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question 1. In which sector do manufacturing industries fall?
Ans. Manufacturing industries fall in the secondary sector.

Question 2. How have the agro-industries in India given a major boost to agriculture?
Ans. The agro industries in India have given a major boost agriculture by raising its productivity.

Question 3. Which sector is considered to be the backbone of development?
Ans. Manufacturing sector is considered to be the backbone of development.

Question 4. How will our country be able to compete in the international market?
Ans. Our manufactured goods must be at par in the quality with those in the international market.

Question 5. Why is iron and steel industry known as a heavy industry?
Ans. Iron and steel industry is known as a heavy industry because all the raw material as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky.

Question 6. On what basis is the industrial sector classified into public and private sectors?
Ans. The industrial sector is classified into public and private sectors on the basis of ownerships of enterprises.

Question 7. What is the objective of the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC)?
Ans. The objective of NMcc is to improve the productivity of the manufacturing sector.

Question 8. Which is the key factor in the location of an industry?
Ans. The key factor in the location of an industry is availability of raw material.

Question 9. What do you mean by agglomeration economics?
Ans. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking insurance, transport, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers known as agglomeration economics.

Question 10. Mention some of the manufactured products that you use in your daily life.
Ans. The manufactured products that we use in our daily life are electric bulbs, vegetable oil, petrol, glassware, cement, etc.

Question 11. What do you mean by an agro-based industry? Give two examples.
Ans. The industry that gets its raw materials from agriculture is known as an agrobased industry. Examples — cotton, woollen.

Question 12. Give some examples of minerals-based industries.
Ans. Examples of mineral based industries – iron and steel, cement, aluminium, petrochemicals.

Question 13. What are called basic or key industries? Give examples.
Ans. Basic or key industries are those which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods.
Examples — iron and steel industry, aluminium smelting industry.

Question 14. Define small scale industry.
Ans. A small scale industry is one in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.

Question 15. Define large scale industry.
Ans. A large scale industry is one in which the investment is more than one crore on an industry.

Question 16. What is meant by public sector industry? Give examples.
Ans. Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies.
Example — BHEL, SAIL, etc.

Question 17. What are called private sector industries? Give examples.
Ans. Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
Examples — TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.

Question 18. What are called joint sector industries? Give examples.
Ans. Joint sector industries are jointly managed (owned) by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.

Question 19. What are called cooperative sector industries? Give examples.
Ans. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
Examples — the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coin industry in Kerala.

Question 20. Explain light industry with examples.
Ans. Light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods.
Examples — electrical industries.

Question 21. Which is the only industry in India having self reliant positions?
Ans. Textile industry is the only industry in India which is self reliant.

Question 22. How were cotton textiles produced in ancient India?
Ans. In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.

Question 23. What happened to our traditional industries during the colonial period?
Ans. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-make cloth from England.

Question 24. How many cotton and human made fibre textile mills are there in India?
Ans. There are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in India.

Question 25. Name three states where spinning of yarn continues to be centralised.
Ans. Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Question 26. What is the position of India in the production of sugar in world?
Ans. India holds second position in the production of sugar.

Question 27. Which value is associated with the hand-spun Khadi?
Ans. The hand-spun Khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Question 28. How many jute mills are there in India? Where are most of them located?
Ans. There are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of them are located in west Bengal, mainly along the banks of the High river, in a narrow belt.

Question  29. Mention one challenge faced by the jute industry.
Ans. Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitions like Bangladesh.

Question 30. How many sugar mills are there in India? Where are they located?
Ans. There are over 460 super mills in India. They are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 31. Name the industry which is seasonal in nature.
Ans. Sugar industry.

Question 32. Define mineral based industries.
Ans. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.

Question 33. What is steel used for?
Ans. Steel is used for manufacturing a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephone, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Question 34. What is regarded as the index of a country’s development?
Ans. Production and consumption of steel is regarded as the index of a country’s development.

Question 35. Which region in India has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries?
Ans. The Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.

Question 36. Name all the seven states of India where aluminium smelting plants are located.
Ans. (i) Odisha
(ii) West Bengal
(iii) Kerala
(iv) Uttar Pradesh
(v) Chhattisgarh
(vi) Maharashtra
(vii) Tamil Nadu

Question 37. Where are organic chemical plants located?
Ans. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

Question 38. When and where was the first cement plant set up in India?
Ans. In India, the first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.

Question 39. What is the key to the success of IT Industry in India?
Ans. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to success of IT industry in India.

Question 40. What is NTPC?
Ans. NTPC i.e. National Thermal Power Corporation is a major power providing corporations in India.

III. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question 1. Explain with examples, how do industries give boost to the agriculture sector?
                      Or
“Agriculture and industry move hand in hand”. Analyse the statement with three examples.
Ans. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. This can be proved with the help of the following three examples.
(i) The agro-industries have enhanced agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii) They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, agricultural machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
(iii) Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes efficient.

Question 2. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, We are not able to perform to our full potential. Give any four reasons.
Ans. There are several reasons behind this:
(i) Although India has modernised its steelmaking considerably, however, nearly 6% of its crude steel is still produced using the outdated open-hearth process.
(ii) Labour productivity in India is still very low.
(iii) Steel production in India is also hampered by power shortages.
(iv) Insufficient shipment capacity and transport infrastructure too hinder the growth of Indian steel industry.
(v) India is deficient in raw materials required by the steel industry.

Question 3. What are the factors responsible for the location of jute industry in the Hugli basin?
Ans. There are about 70 jute mills in India mostly located in West Bengal along the banks of the Hugli river. Factors responsible for the location in the Hugli basin are:
(i) Nearness of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Low-cost water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to help the movement of raw material to the mills.
(iii) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) Kolkata as an urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Question 4. Why have sugar mills shifted to the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra in recent years?
Ans. In recent years, the mills have shifted to the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra. This is because:
(i) The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
(ii) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
(iii) Super industry can thrive only if it is run by corporatives and they are popular and more successful in the southern states.

Question 5. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. Give reasons for it.
Ans. It is because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include:
(i) Chhotanagpur plateau region has large reserves of iron ores. Low cost of iron ore is avast able here
(ii) High grade raw materials in proximity is available in this region
(iii) Cheap labour is available
(iv) Vast growth potential in the home market is possible.

Question 6. Why does the textile industry occupy a unique position in the Indian economy?
Ans. (i) The textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production. i.e. 14%.
(ii) 35 million persons are directly engaged in this industry. Thus, it is the second largest industry after agriculture in employment generation.
(iii) It contributes 4% towards GDP.
(iv) It is the only industry in India which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products.

Question 7. State the major challenges of jute industry that are leading to its decline in India.
Ans. The major challenges before jute industry leading to its decline are:
1. After the partition, most of jute producing areas have gone to east Pakistan, now Bangladesh, and thus jute industry is facing the problem of shortage of raw material.
2. India is facing high cost production and stiff international competition, especially from Bangladesh, and international market like Brazil and Philippines are also giving serious challenges to India.
3. Continuous decline in the demand of jute due to increase in the demand of its substitutes is another major problem faced by this industry.
4. Old and outdated machinery is another major problem leading to decline in the production of jute products.

Question 8. Explain any three factors that affect the location of industries in a region.
Ans. The location of industries are influenced by several factors:
1. Availability of Raw Material: The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity.
2. Favourable Climate: The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its growth and functioning. For instance, in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of the climate is favourable for the cotton textiles industries.
3. Market: Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the adjoining regions to sell-off the finished goods are likely to have more industries.

Question 9. (i) What is an agro-based industry?
(ii) Name the most important agro-based industries of India.
Ans. (i) The industry which gets its raw materials from agriculture is called an agrobased industry.
(ii) The most important agro-based industries of India are — cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil.

Question 10. Why was cotton textile industry concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat in the early years? Explain any three reasons.
Ans. (i) Availability of raw material: Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the regions where we see large production of cotton resulting in regular supply of raw material to the industry.
(ii) Moist climate: These regions are gifted with moist climate which provides favourable condition for the growth of cotton.
(iii) Availability of cheap labour: Maharashtra and Gujarat are densely populated states. Migrated people are also there in large numbers. As a result, there is no dearth of labour force in these two cities.
(iv) Accessible port facilities: Mumbai is a major seaport in India. This forms the base of important export of cotton.

Question 11. Why is iron and steel industry called the basic industry? Explain any three reasons.
Ans. The iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because of the following reasons:
(i) All the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on this industry for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and variety of consumer goods.
(iii) This industry contributes a lot in providing employment opportunities to the people.
(iv) It helps in the development of agriculture.

Question 12. Classify industries on the basis of the source of raw materials. Give example.
Ans. On the basis of source of raw materials used, industries are classified into—
(i) Agro–based industries (ii) Mineral–based industries
(i) Agro–based industries are based on agricultural raw materials, for example, cotton, juite, silk, woollen, sugar and edible oil.
(ii) Mineral–based industries use minerals and metals as raw materials, for example iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

Question 13. Classify industries according to their main role.
Ans. According to their main role, industries are of two types:
(i) Basic or Key: Industries which supply their raw materials to manufacture other goods.
Example: Iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
(ii) Consumer: Industries produce goods for direct use by consumers.
Example: Sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines etc.

Question 14. (i) Mention the two industries that are supported by the cotton textile industry.
                                  Or
(ii) What are the major problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India?
Ans. (i) The two industries that are supported by the cotton textile industry are:
• Spinning
• Dyeing
(ii) The major problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India are:
• Power supply is erratic.
• Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular.
• The output of labour is low.
• This industry faces stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry.

Question 15. What were the major objections of the National Jute Policy 2005? Why has been the internal demand for jute on the increase?
Ans. In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the following objectives:
(i) To increase productivity
(ii) To improve quality
(iii) To ensure good prices to the jute farmers
(iv) To enhance the field per hectare
The internal demand for jute has been on the increase because of the following reasons:
(i) The Government of India has made the use of jute packaging mandating.
(ii) The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Question 16. What are the major challenges of the sugar industry in India?
Ans. The major challenges of the sugar industry in India are given below:
(i) The sugar industry is seasonal in nature.
(ii) The methods of production are old and inefficient.
(iii) Transport delay in reaching came to factories.
(iv) There is a need to maximise the use of baggase.

Question 17. Explain any three reasons for the expansion of sugar Industry in the southern states of India.
                                  Or
Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states of India? Give three reasons.
Ans. In recent years, the mills have shifted to the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra. This is because:
(i) The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
(ii) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
(iii) Super industry can thrive only if it is run by corporatives and they are popular and more successful in the southern states.

Question 18. Enumerate the factors that led to the expansion of cement industry after the Independence.
Ans. The factor that led to the expansion of cement industry after Independence are given below:
(i) Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989.
(ii) Various policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production.
(iii) Improvement in the quality has found the produce a readily available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart from a large demand within the country.

Question 19. “Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.” Mention them.
Ans. The three phases are:
(i) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(ii) Secondary treatment by biological process.
(iii) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

Question 20. Explain any three physical factors for the location of an industry in a particular area.
Ans. The location of industries are influenced by several factors:
1. Availability of Raw Material: The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity.
2. Favourable Climate: The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its growth and functioning. For instance, in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of the climate is favourable for the cotton textiles industries.
3. Market: Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the adjoining regions to sell-off the finished goods are likely to have more industries.

Question 21. Describe any three main features of chemical industry.
Ans. The three main features of chemical industry are:
(i) It is fast growing and diversifying industry and contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.
(ii) It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in term of its size.
(iii) It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
(iv) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.

Question 22. Give a flow chart which shows the process of manufacturing aluminium.
Ans.

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Question 23. Why is the cotton textile industry the largest industry in India today? Give any three reasons.
Ans. The cotton textile industry is the largest industry in India today. There are several reasons behind it. Three of them are given below:
(i) These are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country. About 80% of these are in the private sector and the rest in the public and cooperative sectors. Apart from these, there are several thousand small factories with four to ten looms.
(ii) The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
(iii) This industry has a close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.

Question 24. How do industries pollute air? Explain ill effects of pollution.
Ans. The air we breathe gets polluted by the smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
Ill Effects of Pollution:
(i) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. We can mention here the tragedy of the Bhopal Gas. It occurred in 1984 but its ill-effects can be seen even today.
(ii) Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Question 25. On the basis of reading of the graph, answer the following questions:

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

(i) What was the status of India and China in steel production in the 1950s?
(ii) What is the status of China today?
(iii) Which country was the largest exporter of steel in the year 2004?
Ans. (i) In the 1950s, India and China produced almost the same quantity of steel.
(ii) Today, China has become the largest producer of steel.
(iii) In the year 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel.

IV. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question 1. What is manufacturing? What is its importance?
Ans. Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. For instance, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite.
Importance of manufacturing industries: Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries in it.
(i) Agricultural development: Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(ii) Industrial development: It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our country. It reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods helps earning foreign exchange.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Question 2. How do industries pollute air and water? Explain with examples.
Ans. Undoubtedly the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment.
Air and water pollution is prominent of them all.
(a) Air Pollution: Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air is very dangerous. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
(b) Water Pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers. They make the river water polluted. The main industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Rainwater takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water also.

Question 3. Write about information technology and electronics industry.
                                Or
What role does the IT sector play in the Indian economy?
Ans. (i) The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, papers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipment required by the telecommunication industries. Bangalore is the electronic capital of India.
Other centres are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
(ii) 18 Software Technology Parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.
(iii) This industry has played a significant role in generating employment. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number has been increasing fast year after year.
(iv) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
(v) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of Information Technology industry in the country.

Question 4. “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.” Explain.
                               Or
Explain with examples, how industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture.
                               Or
How are agriculture and industries interdependent on each other? Explain.
Ans. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. This can be proved with the help of the following three examples.
(i) The agro-industries have enhanced agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii) They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, agricultural machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
(iii) Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes efficient.

Question 5. “The cotton textile industry has the largest concentration in and around Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat)”. Give reasons.
Ans. (i) Availability of raw material: Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the regions where we see large production of cotton resulting in regular supply of raw material to the industry.
(ii) Moist climate: These regions are gifted with moist climate which provides favourable condition for the growth of cotton.
(iii) Availability of cheap labour: Maharashtra and Gujarat are densely populated states. Migrated people are also there in large numbers. As a result, there is no dearth of labour force in these two cities.
(iv) Accessible port facilities: Mumbai is a major seaport in India. This forms the base of important export of cotton.

Question 6. (i) Look at the following flow chart that shows the processes of production.
Fill in the products derived through the various processes of production in the boxes given below.

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

(ii) Why is it important to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn? Give reasons.
Ans. (i) 1. Raw fibre
2. Yarn
3. Fabric
4. Garments
(ii) Yarn is sold at ` 85 per kg while if it is sold as a trouser it may fetch ` 800 per kg. Value is added at every stage from fibre to yarn to fabric and to garments.

Question 7. (i) Which are the two major challenges faced by sugar industry of India?
(ii) Why should the sugar mills be located close to the sugar producing regions of the country?
Ans. (i) Challenges faced by sugar industry:
• Old and inefficient methods of production.
• Transport delays in Sugarcane reaching to the factories. As once cut the sugar in the cane begins to decrease and has to be transported to the factory within 48 hours.
(ii) Sugar mills should be located close to the sugar producing regions of the country due to the following reasons:
• The raw-material used in sugar industry is bulky.
• Sucrose contents reduce if there is a delay in haulage.

Question 8. The jute-textile industry is mainly concentrated in the Hugli basin. Mention four factors for the same.
Ans. There are about 70 jute mills in India mostly located in West Bengal along the banks of the Hugli river. Factors responsible for the location in the Hugli basin are:
(i) Nearness of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Low-cost water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to help the movement of raw material to the mills.
(iii) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) Kolkata as an urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Question 9. Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic and heavy industry?
Ans.  The iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because of the following reasons:
(i) All the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on this industry for their machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and variety of consumer goods.
(iii) This industry contributes a lot in providing employment opportunities to the people.
(iv) It helps in the development of agriculture.

Question 10. State the challenges faced by the jute industry.
Ans. The major challenges before jute industry leading to its decline are:
1. After the partition, most of jute producing areas have gone to east Pakistan, now Bangladesh, and thus jute industry is facing the problem of shortage of raw material.
2. India is facing high cost production and stiff international competition, especially from Bangladesh, and international market like Brazil and Philippines are also giving serious challenges to India.
3. Continuous decline in the demand of jute due to increase in the demand of its substitutes is another major problem faced by this industry.
4. Old and outdated machinery is another major problem leading to decline in the production of jute products.

Question 11. Give reasons why the iron and steel industry in India is concentrated around the Chota Nagpur plateau region.
                                Or
Why does the Chota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industry? Give reasons.
Ans. It is because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include:
(i) Chhotanagpur plateau region has large reserves of iron ores. Low cost of iron ore is avast able here
(ii) High grade raw materials in proximity is available in this region
(iii) Cheap labour is available
(iv) Vast growth potential in the home market is possible.

Question 12. Describe in brief the aluminium smelting industry in India with emphasis on:
(i) Any three uses of aluminium.
(ii) Any three locational factors for the industry.
(iii) Any two states where aluminium smelting is done on a large scale.
                                Or
Explain the aluminium smelting industry with reference to the following.
(i) Two major uses of aluminium
(ii) Names of two smelting states
(iii) Annual production
(iv) Any two locational factors
Ans. (i) Three uses of aluminium:
• It combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.
• It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
• It has become a popular substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
(ii) Two locational factors:
• Assured source of raw material at minimum cost.
• Regular supply of electricity.
(iii) Two states where aluminium smelting is done on a large scale:
• Odisha
• West Bengal
(iv) Annual Production:
• About 600 million tonnes per annum.

Question 13. Classify manufacturing industries on the ownership.
Ans. On the basis of ownership manufacturing industries are categorised as given below:
(i) Public sector: This sector is owned and operated by government agencies. For example, BHEL, SAIL, etc.
(ii) Private sector: This sector is owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example, TISCO, Dabur Industries.
(iii) Joint sector: This sector is jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Oil.
(iv) Cooperative sector: This sector owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately, such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the car industry in Kerala.

Question 14. What are the different ways in which the industries are classified?
Ans. The different ways in which industries are classified:
(i) On the basis of source of raw materials are classified:
• Agro based industries
• Mineral based industries
(ii) On the basis of their main role
• Basic or key industries
• Consumer industries
(iii) On the basis of capital investment
• Small scale industries
• Large scale industries
(iv) On the basis of ownership
• Public sector
• Private sector
• Joint sector
• Cooperative sector
(v) Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished products
• Heavy industries
• Light industries

Question 15. Distinguish between the large-scale and small-scale industries.
Ans.

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Question 16. How much is the contribution of manufacturing sector to the national income of the country?
Ans. Over the last two decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP. Out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry which includes 10 per cent for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas. This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economies, where it is 25-30%. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been around 7 per cent per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12%. Since 2003, manufacturing is once again growing at the rate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum. With appropriate policy intervention by the government, manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade.

V. MAP SKILL

Question 1. On an outline political map of India, locate and label the following:
(1)
Cotton Textile Industries. Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur
(2) Woollen Industry. Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Mirzapur
(3) Silk Industry. Srinagar, Murshidabad, Mysore
Ans.

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Question 2. On an outline political map of India, show the major areas having concentration of iron and steel plants in India:
Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Raurkela, Bhilai, Vijayanagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam and Salem.
Ans.

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

Question 3. On an outline political map of India, show the following Software Technology Parks:
Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai.
Ans.

Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries

VI. VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Suggest some ways.
Ans. The waste water discharged by our industry pollutes fresh water. Hence, it is essential to save the stock of fresh water from being polluted.
Some ways that can be followed in this direction are:
(i) Water should be re-used and re-cycled to minimise the use of water.
(ii) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iii) Rainwater harvesting should be encouraged to meet water requirements.

Question 2. Suggest some ways to control air and noise pollution caused by industry.
Ans. Some ways to control air and noise pollution:
(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(iii) In order to control noise pollution machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

NCERT Class 10 Social Science Manufacturing Industries Notes